3 Symptoms of Parathyroid Disorder Not To Be Ignored

What Are Parathyroid Glands and How Do They Function?

The parathyroid glands are tiny endocrine glands that sit behind the thyroid gland in your neck. Despite their proximity to the thyroid, they serve a completely different function. These pea-sized glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in your bloodstream and bones. Calcium is vital for proper nerve, muscle, and cellular function throughout your body.

When calcium levels drop too low, healthy parathyroid glands increase PTH production, which triggers the release of calcium from your bones into your bloodstream. Conversely, when calcium levels rise too high, the glands reduce PTH production. This delicate balance is crucial for maintaining proper bodily functions, and any disruption can lead to significant health problems.

What Causes Parathyroid Disorders?

Parathyroid disorders occur when the glands produce either too much hormone (hyperparathyroidism) or too little (hypoparathyroidism). Primary hyperparathyroidism, the most common form, typically results from a benign tumor (adenoma) on one of the glands, causing it to become overactive. Secondary hyperparathyroidism often occurs as a result of another condition, such as kidney failure or vitamin D deficiency.

Hypoparathyroidism, on the other hand, typically develops after damage to the parathyroid glands, most commonly from thyroid surgery. Other causes include autoimmune disorders, genetic conditions, or radiation treatment to the neck. Understanding these causes is important for proper diagnosis and treatment planning.

What Is the First Major Symptom: Bone and Joint Pain?

One of the most common and troubling symptoms of parathyroid disorders is persistent bone and joint pain. In hyperparathyroidism, excess PTH causes calcium to be pulled from your bones, leading to weakened bone structure (osteoporosis) and increased fracture risk. Patients often describe a deep, aching pain in their bones, particularly in the legs, arms, and lower back.

The joint pain associated with parathyroid disorders can be mistaken for arthritis or general aging. However, when this pain occurs alongside other symptoms, it warrants further investigation. Left untreated, continued calcium loss from bones can lead to osteoporosis, increased risk of fractures, and even height loss due to vertebral compression.

What Is the Second Major Symptom: Kidney Problems?

Kidney problems represent another critical warning sign of parathyroid disorders that should never be ignored. When calcium levels in your blood are consistently elevated due to hyperparathyroidism, this excess calcium can accumulate in your kidneys, forming kidney stones. Approximately 20-30% of patients with hyperparathyroidism develop kidney stones, which can cause severe pain, urinary tract infections, and potential kidney damage.

Beyond stone formation, parathyroid disorders can lead to decreased kidney function over time. Symptoms may include increased urination, dehydration, and flank pain. In severe cases, chronic kidney disease may develop. Regular monitoring of kidney function is essential for anyone diagnosed with parathyroid disorders, and persistent kidney issues should prompt evaluation for parathyroid dysfunction.

What Is the Third Major Symptom: Neuropsychiatric Manifestations?

Perhaps the most overlooked yet debilitating symptoms of parathyroid disorders are the neuropsychiatric manifestations. These can include fatigue, brain fog, depression, anxiety, memory problems, and difficulty concentrating. Many patients describe feeling like their mental clarity has diminished, using phrases like “I just don’t feel like myself anymore.”

In hyperparathyroidism, elevated calcium levels can affect brain function, while in hypoparathyroidism, low calcium can cause nerve irritability and even seizures. What makes these symptoms particularly challenging is that they’re often attributed to aging, stress, or psychiatric conditions rather than to a parathyroid problem. If you’re experiencing persistent mood or cognitive changes alongside other symptoms mentioned here, discussing the possibility of parathyroid testing with your doctor is highly recommended.

When Should You Visit a Doctor for Parathyroid Testing?

You should consult a healthcare professional if you experience any combination of the symptoms discussed, especially if they persist over time. Specific scenarios that warrant immediate medical attention include severe bone pain, recurring kidney stones, unexplained fractures, significant mental status changes, or abnormal calcium levels discovered during routine bloodwork.

The diagnostic process typically begins with blood tests measuring calcium, phosphorus, and PTH levels. Imaging studies like ultrasound or sestamibi scans may be ordered to locate overactive parathyroid glands. Bone density tests are often recommended to assess potential bone loss. Early diagnosis significantly improves treatment outcomes, so don’t delay seeking medical advice if you suspect a parathyroid issue.

What Treatment Options Are Available for Parathyroid Disorders?

Treatment approaches for parathyroid disorders vary based on whether you have hyperparathyroidism or hypoparathyroidism. For primary hyperparathyroidism, surgery (parathyroidectomy) is often the most effective treatment, involving the removal of the overactive gland(s). This minimally invasive procedure has a high success rate and can provide immediate symptom relief for many patients.

For those who cannot undergo surgery, medications called calcimimetics may help control calcium levels. Hypoparathyroidism treatment typically involves calcium supplements and active vitamin D to maintain normal calcium levels. Regular monitoring is essential for both conditions to ensure treatment effectiveness and prevent complications. Working with an experienced endocrinologist who specializes in parathyroid disorders can significantly improve your treatment outcome and quality of life.

This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for personalized guidance and treatment.